SEC to Revise "Accredited Investor" Definition

In connection with the duties imposed on it by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC is set to come out with further revisions to the definition of "accredited investor" in July 2014. Under Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act, issuers can raise unlimited funds from accredited investors in private offerings. In addition, hedge funds often make use of the exemptions afforded by Sections 3(c)(1) and 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, which rely on a fund's ability to use the private placement exemption under the Securities Act, usually by way of Rule 506. When the SEC last reviewed the definition of "accredited investor" in July 2010 in connection with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, the definition was revised to exclude the value of a person's primary residence in the calculation of such person's net worth for purposes of meeting the minimum $1 million net worth test. The Government Accountability Office's July 2013 report and market survey (titled Alternative Criteria for Qualifying as an Accredited Investor Should Be Considered, herein the "GAO Report") notes that this revision resulted in certain investors no longer qualifying as accredited investors. What the SEC has in store this time around may be even more far-reaching.

Under the current definition set forth in Rule 501 of the Securities Act, an individual is an "accredited investor" if such person (i) has a net income in excess of $200,000 (or $300,000 with a spouse) in each of the prior two years and reasonably expects the same for the current year or (ii) has a net worth in excess of $1 million (either alone or with a spouse), excluding the value of such person's primary residence. These thresholds have been largely unchanged since the 1980s.

Any changes to the "accredited investor" definition should balance the SEC's two primary (but competing) goals of protecting investors and encouraging capital formation for small businesses. One proposal has been to simply adjust the thresholds in the definition for inflation. For example, the GAO Report noted that adjusting the $1 million net worth threshold for inflation to $2.3 million would decrease the number of qualifying households from approximately 8.5 million to 3.7 million. Some commentators have panicked that such a reduction in the number of eligible accredited investors would have a substantial negative impact on private investment in the United States. On its face, one can see the cause for alarm — but what the GAO Report does not tell us is what percent of funding by accredited investors has historically been provided by those that would no longer be eligible after adjusting the thresholds for inflation. It seems quite likely that a 60 percent decrease in eligible households would result in a drastically smaller decrease in funds provided by accredited investors, on the assumption that smaller accredited investors have historically provided a smaller percent of capital raised. Still, many have argued that existing thresholds are sufficient (noting, for example, the limited claims of investor fraud in the private placement market) and that any increase will discourage growth at a time when the economy is still rebounding.

Though the GAO Report cites net worth as the most important criteria for determining accredited investor status (based on, in part, its indication of an investor's ability to absorb loss and presumed sophistication), the report did note other potential modifications to the definition that the SEC may consider, including, among others, (i) a liquid investments requirement (i.e., a minimum dollar amount of investments that can be easily sold and whose value can be verified), (ii) use of a registered investment adviser, and (iii) self-certification, licensing or other education standards to establish investor sophistication (e.g., attorneys and certified public accountants may be deemed to be accredited investors), in each case in addition to, or in lieu of, existing requirements. Requiring $250,000 of a person's net worth to be liquid would certainly protect investors by making sure they can better absorb potential losses, but would come at the cost of reducing the number of eligible accredited investors and thus available capital. Requiring use of a registered investment adviser or establishing other sophistication criteria (in the absence of other financial requirements) may result in new eligible accredited investors and available capital, but may result in investors participating in private placements who are unable to withstand potential significant losses.